Taariikhda Muraayadaha Indhaha

Bilowgii waxaa jiray erey, erayguna wuu qallafsanaa.

Taas waxaa u sabab ah muraayadaha indhaha oo aan weli la hindisin.Haddii aad ahayd qof aragti dhow, mid fog ama aad leedahay astigmatism, waxaad ahayd nasiib.Wax walba waxay ahaayeen kuwo mugdi ah.

Ma ahayn ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 13aad markii muraayadaha wax lagu saxo la alifay oo aan cayriin, waxyaabo aasaasi ah waxay ahaayeen.Laakiin maxay sameeyeen dadka aan araggooda qummanayn taas ka hor?

Laba arrimood midkood ayay sameeyeen.Waxay isku casileen inay awoodi waayeen inay si fiican wax u arkaan, ama waxay sameeyeen waxa dadka xariif ah ay had iyo jeer sameeyaan.

Waxay hagaajiyeen.

Muraayadaha indhaha ee ugu horreeya ee la hagaajiyay waxay ahaayeen muraayado muraayad ah, oo nooc ah.Prehistoric Inuits waxa ay wateen fool maroodi oo fidsan wajigooda hortooda si ay u xidhaan fallaadhaha qorraxda.

Rome-kii hore, Imbaraadoor Nero waxa uu indhihiisa hortooda ku hayn jiray sumurud dhogorta leh si uu u yareeyo iftiinka qoraxda inta uu daawanayo dagaalka gladiators.

Macallinkiisa, Seneca, ayaa ku faanay inuu akhriyay "dhammaan buugaagta Rooma" iyada oo loo marayo baaquli weyn oo dhalo ah oo ay ka buuxaan biyo, taas oo weynaysay daabacaadda.Ma jiro wax rikoodh ah oo sheegaya in kalluunka dahabka ahi jidka soo galay iyo in kale.

Tani waxay ahayd soo bandhigida muraayadaha wax lagu saxo, kaas oo horumaray, waxoogaa, Venedik ku dhawaad ​​1000 CE, markii Seneca's baaquli iyo biyaha (iyo laga yaabo inay kalluun dahab ah) lagu beddelay meel hoose oo siman, muraayad muraayad ah oo la dul saaray akhriska. shay, oo noqday muraayaddii ugu horreysay ee weynaynta oo awood u siisay Sherlock Holmes ee Talyaanigii dhexe inuu soo ururiyo tilmaamo badan oo lagu xalliyo dembiyada.Kuwan "dhagaxaan akhrinta" waxay sidoo kale u oggolaadeen ra'yiga inay sii wadaan akhrinta, qorista, iyo iftiiminta qoraallada ka dib markay 40 jirsadeen.

Garsoorayaashii Shiinaha ee qarnigii 12-aad ayaa xidhnaa nooc ka mid ah muraayadaha qorraxda, oo laga sameeyay muraayadaha quartz ee qiiqa, lagu hayo wejigooda hortooda si aan loo garan karin hadalladooda marqaatiyaal ay su'aalo weydiiyeen, iyagoo beenta siinaya fikradda "aan la qarin karin".Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah xisaabaadka Marco Polo uu u safray Shiinaha 100 sano ka dib uu sheegay in uu sheegay in uu arkay waayeel Shiinees ah oo xiran muraayadaha indhaha, xisaabaadkan ayaa lagu ceebeeyay been abuur, maadaama kuwa baaray buugaagta Marco Polo aysan helin wax hadal ah oo ku saabsan muraayadaha indhaha.

Inkasta oo taariikhda saxda ah lagu muransan yahay, guud ahaan waxaa la isku raacsan yahay in labadii indhood ee ugu horreeyay ee muraayadaha indhaha lagu saxo laga sameeyay Talyaaniga wakhti u dhexeeya 1268 iyo 1300. Kuwani waxay asal ahaan ahaayeen laba dhagax oo wax akhris ah ( muraayadaha waaweyn) sanka.

Tusaalooyinka ugu horreeya ee qof xiran qaabkan muraayadaha indhaha ayaa ku jira sawirro taxane ah oo qarnigii 14-aad ee Tommaso da Modena, kaas oo soo bandhigay ra'yiga isticmaalaya monocles oo xiranaya hore ee pince-nez (Faransiiska "sanka qanjaruufo") muraayadaha indhaha si loo akhriyo oo koobiyi qoraal-gacmeedyada.

Laga soo bilaabo Talyaaniga, ikhtiraackan cusub waxaa lagu soo bandhigay wadamada "Low" ama "Benelux" (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Germany, Spain, France iyo England.Muraayadahani waxay wada ahaayeen lenses convex ah oo weynaynaya daabacaadda iyo walxaha.Waxay ahayd England markii kuwa sameeya muraayadaha indhaha ay bilaabeen inay xayeysiiyaan muraayadaha wax akhriska si ay faa'iido ugu helaan dadka ka weyn 40. 1629-kii waxaa la aasaasay shirkad caabuda muraayadaha muraayadaha, oo leh hal-ku-dhegkan: "Duco ku socota dadka da'da ah".

Horumar muhiim ah ayaa yimid horraantii qarnigii 16-aad, markii lenses concave loo abuuray Pope Leo X. Hadda muraayadaha indhaha ee aragtida fog iyo aragtida dhow ayaa jiray.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan noocyadan hore ee muraayadaha indhaha waxay la yimaadeen dhibaato weyn - kuma ekaan doonaan wejigaaga.

Markaa shirkadaha Isbaanishka ee muraayadaha indhaha ku xidha waxay ku xidheen muraayadaha xariirta oo ay xadhiga ku xidheen dhegaha qofka xidhan.Markii muraayadahaas ay Shiinaha soo galiyeen adeegayaal Isbaanish iyo Talyaani ah, Shiinuhu waxa uu iska tuuray fikradda ah in dhegaha lagu xidho xadhigga.Waxay ku xidheen miisaan yar ilaa dhammaadka xargaha si ay dhegta ugu sii jiraan.Dabadeed dhakhtar indho-indhayn ah oo London ah, Edward Scarlett, 1730, wuxuu abuuray hormoodkii hubka macbadka casriga ah, laba ulood oo adag oo ku dheggan muraayadaha oo ku nastay dhegaha dushooda.Laba iyo labaatan sano ka dib naqshadeeyaha muraayadaha indhaha James Ayscough ayaa nadiifiyay gacmaha macbadka, isaga oo ku daray dhejisyo si ay ugu suurtagasho inay laalaabmaan.Waxa kale oo uu madeeyay dhammaan muraayadaha muraayadaha cagaarka ama buluugga, ma aha inuu ka dhigo muraayadaha qorraxda, laakiin sababtoo ah wuxuu u maleeyay in muraayadahani ay sidoo kale gacan ka geystaan ​​hagaajinta aragga.

Hal-abuurnimada soo socota ee weyn ee muraayadaha indhaha waxay la timid abuurista bifocal.In kasta oo ilaha badankoodu ay si joogto ah ugu ammaanaan abuurista bifocals Benjamin Franklin, bartamihii 1780-meeyadii, maqaal ku yaal bogga internetka ee Kulliyada Indhaha ayaa su'aalo weydiinaya sheegashadan iyada oo la baarayo dhammaan caddaynta la hayo.Waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u soo gabagabeyneysaa in ay u badan tahay in bifocals laga sameeyay England 1760-meeyadii, iyo in Franklin uu ku arkay halkaas oo uu dalbaday laba qof naftiisa.

Ujeedada hindisaha bifocals ee Franklin waxay u badan tahay inay ka timid warqadaha uu saaxiib la leeyahay,George Whatley.Hal warqad, Franklin wuxuu isku qeexay inuu yahay "ku faraxsan yahay abuurista muraayado labajibbaaran, oo u adeega walxaha fog iyo sidoo kale kuwa u dhow, waxay indhahayga ka dhigaan kuwo waxtar ii leh sidii ay ahaan jireen."

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Franklin waligiis ma dhihin inuu iyaga alifay.Whatley, waxa laga yaabaa in ay dhiirigelisay aqoontiisa iyo qaddarinta uu u hayo Franklin oo ah hal-abuure wax-abuur leh, jawaabtiisa waxa uu saaxiibkii u tilmaamayaa curinta bifocals.Kuwo kale ayaa soo qaaday oo la orday tan ilaa heer in hadda la aqbalay in Franklin uu abuuray bifocals.Haddii qof kale uu ahaa abuuraha dhabta ah, xaqiiqadani waxay lumisaa da'da.

Taariikhda xigta ee muhiimka ah ee taariikhda muraayadaha indhaha waa 1825, markii cirbixiyeen Ingiriisi George Airy uu abuuray lenses cylindrical concave ah oo saxay astigmatism-ka dhow.Trifocals si dhakhso ah ayaa u raacay, 1827. Horumarrada kale ee dhacay dabayaaqadii 18-aad ama horraantii qarniyadii 19-aad waxay ahaayeen monocle, kaas oo aan dhimanayn dabeecadda Eustace Tilley, kaas oo u ah New Yorker waxa Alfred E. Neuman u yahay Mad Magazine, iyo lorgnette, muraayadaha indhaha ee ul saaran oo u rogi doona qof kasta oo iyaga gashanaya dowager degdeg ah.
Muraayadaha Pince-nez, waxaad dib u xasuusan doontaa, waxa la soo bandhigay bartamihii qarnigii 14-aad noocyadii hore ee ku dheggan sanka suufiyada.Waxay dib u soo noqdeen 500 oo sano ka dib, oo ay caan ku yihiin kuwa jecel Teddy Roosevelt, kaas oo "qallafsan oo diyaarsan" machismo ayaa diiday sawirka muraayadaha si adag oo loogu talagalay sissies.

Horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, inkastoo, muraayadaha pince-nez ayaa lagu beddelay caan ka mid ah muraayadaha ay xidhaan, sugaan, xiddigaha filimada, dabcan.Xiddiga filimka aamusan Harold Lloyd, oo aad aragteen isagoo ka soo laadlaad dabaqa sare ah isagoo gacmaha ku haya saacad weyn, wuxuu soo xirtay muraayado buuxa oo wareegsan oo tortoiseshell ah oo noqday caro dhan, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah waxay dib u soo celiyeen gacmihii macbadka.

Bifocals fused, hagaajinta qaabka Franklin-ka iyadoo la isku daray masaafada-iyo muraayadaha aragga u dhow, ayaa la soo bandhigay 1908-dii. Muraayadaha qorraxdu waxay noqdeen kuwo caan ah 1930-meeyadii, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah shaandhada si ay u caddeeyaan iftiinka qorraxda waxaa la alifay 1929, taas oo awood u siisay muraayadaha indhaha nuugo ultraviolet iyo iftiinka infrared.Sababta kale ee caanka ah ee muraayadaha qorraxda ayaa ah sababtoo ah jilayaasha filimada soo jiidashada leh ayaa la sawiray iyagoo xiran.

Baahida loo qabo in la waafajiyo muraayadaha indhaha ee baahida duuliyayaasha Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ayaa keentay caanqaabka duuliyaha ee muraayadaha indhaha.Horumarka laga sameeyay balaastiiggu waxa ay suurta galisay in loo sameeyo muraayado midabyo kala duwan leh, iyo qaabka cusub ee muraayadaha dumarka, oo loo yaqaan 'cat-eye' sababtoo ah cidhifyada sare ee fareeshka, waxay muraayadaha indhaha u rogeen moodada dumarka.

Taa bedelkeeda, qaababka muraayadaha indhaha ee 1940-yadii iyo 50-meeyadii waxay u janjeersadeen inay noqdaan kuwo dahab ah oo dahab ah oo wareegsan, laakiin marka laga reebo, sida Buddy Holly's style square, iyo James Dean's tortoiseshells.

Iyada oo ay weheliso bayaanka moodada muraayadaha indhaha ayaa noqday, horumarka tignoolajiyada lensku waxay keentay lenses horusocod ah (no-line multifocal glasses) dadweynaha 1959. Ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaan muraayadaha muraayadaha indhaha hadda waxay ka samaysan yihiin caag, kaas oo ka fudud muraayadaha oo si nadiif ah u jebiya halkii ay burburin lahaayeen jeexjeexyo.

Lenses photochromic-ka caaga ah, oo isu beddela madoobaado iftiinka qoraxda oo mar kale cadceedda ka soo baxa, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la helay dabayaaqadii 1960-kii.Waqtigaas waxaa loogu yeeri jiray "cawlan sawir", sababtoo ah kani wuxuu ahaa midabka kaliya ee ay soo galaan. midabyo kala duwan.

Noocyada muraayadaha indhaha way yimaadaan oo tagaan, iyo sida soo noqnoqda ee moodada, wax kasta oo duug ah ayaa ugu dambeyntii noqda cusub mar kale.Kiis ku habboon: Muraayadaha dahab-dharka ah iyo muraayadda aan lahayn ayaa ahaan jiray caan.Hadda aad uma badna.Muraayadaha siligga-qaabaysan ee baaxadda leh, ayaa la door biday 1970-yadii.Hadda aad uma badna.Hadda, muraayadaha retro ee 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay aan la jeclayn, sida labajibbaaran, gees-rim iyo muraayadaha brow-line, ayaa xukuma rack-ga indhaha.

Haddii aad ka heshay akhriska taariikhda muraayadaha indhaha, la soco muuqaal soo socda ee mustaqbalka muraayadaha indhaha!


Waqtiga boostada: Mar-14-2023